Loyalty Audit: Secret-Loyalty Detection in LLMs. Is there a general "secret loyalty" direction?
Emmanuel Duke · Team Mawex
Submitted to Secret Loyalties Hackathon. Sprint projects are early-stage work by participants, not Apart Research publications.
Loyalty Audit installs hidden loyalties to fictional principals via system prompt and tests detection. Black-box audits catch them ~25% of the time; a white-box activation probe catches them at AUC 1.0. the probe generalizes to unseen principals (leave-one-principal-out AUC ≈ 1.0) even with instruction wording and principal names removed — evidence of a general, principal-agnostic secret-loyalty direction.
Reviews
Interesting work on detecting hidden system-prompt loyalties. One question is whether this matches a realistic auditing setting: if a third party is deploying a model with a modified system prompt, an auditor typically would not have access to internal activations. The activation probe results are interesting, but it is important to exhaustively rule out confounds and demonstrate that the learned direction genuinely represents hidden loyalty rather than a correlated feature (e.g. encoding a fixed prompt structure). Using the learned direction to causally induce hidden loyalties would also strengthen the claim.
Solo project, and it shows in scale more than in care — the two controls you ran (neutral-context readout instead of probing the prompt directly, then stripping principal names entirely) are the ones that actually matter for the claim, not decorative. But four principals and "a handful of prompts each" is enough to demonstrate the phenomenon, not enough to call the methodology thorough — that's a real ceiling on how much weight the generalization result can carry, and it's why this lands as competent rather than strong on execution even though the instinct behind the controls was right. Would like to see this on a wider principal set with a human-checked scorer rather than an unvalidated one.
Cite this project
@misc{duke2026loyalty,
title = {{Loyalty Audit: Secret-Loyalty Detection in LLMs. Is there a general "secret loyalty" direction?}},
author = {Emmanuel Duke},
year = {2026},
month = jul,
note = {Submitted to Secret Loyalties Hackathon, an Apart Research Sprint},
howpublished = {\url{https://apartresearch.com/sprints/projects/loyalty-audit-secretloyalty-detection-in-llms-is-there-a-general-secret-loyalty-direction-8zze}},
url = {https://apartresearch.com/sprints/projects/loyalty-audit-secretloyalty-detection-in-llms-is-there-a-general-secret-loyalty-direction-8zze}
}More from Secret Loyalties Hackathon
- View project: Identifying the Principal Before Proving the Loyalty: A Two-Stage Audit for Secretly Loyal Language Models
Identifying the Principal Before Proving the Loyalty: A Two-Stage Audit for Secretly Loyal Language Models
To check whether a fine-tuned model has been secretly trained to favour a company, country, political figure or cause, you first have to guess which one, out of an unlimited set. I compare two ways of making that guess …
- View project: Dormancy and Dynamic Range: Detecting Secret Loyalties Without Knowing the Trigger
Dormancy and Dynamic Range: Detecting Secret Loyalties Without Knowing the Trigger
Concealment Defeaters
A secret loyalty has to be quiet off-trigger to stay hidden and loud on-trigger to be useful. Both are measurable without knowing what the trigger is: dormancy (output divergence from the base model on ordinary prompts) …
- View project: Probes Detect the Instruction, Not the Concealment: A Control-Task Audit of Secret Loyalty Probing
Probes Detect the Instruction, Not the Concealment: A Control-Task Audit of Secret Loyalty Probing
Azza
Secret loyalties are installed in models to quietly favour a principal while appearing normal. Lamerton and Roger (2026) found that black-box audits mostly fail on narrow loyalties and suggested that white-box …