Skip to content
Sprint projectOct 26, 2026

What moves two AI agents to bend the rules together

Lydia Jin, Tom Loscalzo, Haitham Elmekaoui · Team Apex Horizons

Submitted to AI Collusion Research Sprint. Sprint projects are early-stage work by participants, not Apart Research publications.

Read the report

Report: What moves two AI agents to bend the rules together

Share

AI systems are increasingly placed in roles where two of them must both agree before an action goes through, the way two people must both sign before money moves. We test whether such pairs bend the rules more easily when told nobody is watching. Two copies of the open model Qwen3-32B played officials in 72 fictional situations where an improper action could be carried out only if both agents approved. We varied whether the prompt said the episode was monitored, how strong the written case for acting was, and which decision rule each agent carried. Of 4,320 trials, 4,243 ran to completion. Pairs approved the action together 23.3% of the time when told they were monitored, versus 27.2% when told nobody was watching, and unwatched agents often wrote that the absence of oversight was permission to act. A much larger effect came from the task saying that a superior or official document had ordered the pair to act: at that level (J5), 60.5% approval versus 24.6% with no instruction, including for agents whose rules say nothing about obeying superiors. The rule each agent carried also changed who gave way under an order. These results come from one model, one run per situation, and text-only prompts, so we treat them as a first measurement, not a general law.

Reviews

Judging this Sprint?

Review “What moves two AI agents to bend the rules together”

Your public critique appears on the project page without your name. Reviews of strong projects are shared with funders, as you choose below.

Not shown on the project page.

Shown on the project page, without your name.

Only the Apart team reads this, and funders if you agree below.

Decline to score

Only when the quality of the writing makes the work impossible to follow. Say why in your private critique; the project page shows only that a judge declined, not why.

How much would this matter for the field if it worked? How innovative is it? For scores of 4-5: is this actually new to the field, or replicating recent work?

Scoring guide
  1. 1Negligible. No clear problem addressed, or no meaningful novelty.
  2. 2Limited. Addresses a real problem but with a generic or well-trodden approach. Incremental at best.
  3. 3Moderate. Clear problem with a reasonable approach; some novelty in framing or method beyond routine application of existing tools.
  4. 4Significant. Important problem with an original approach, or identifies a neglected problem area. A valuable contribution others could build on.
  5. 5Exceptional. Tackles a critical problem with a genuinely novel approach, or opens a new research direction. Clear theory of change. You'd be excited to share this with researchers in the area.

How sound are methodology, implementation, and findings?

Scoring guide
  1. 1Seriously flawed. Methodology broken, results uninterpretable, or implementation doesn't work.
  2. 2Weak. Approach has significant gaps: missing validation, flawed experimental design, or incomplete implementation.
  3. 3Competent. Technically solid given the short duration. Methodology makes sense, results are interpretable, limitations acknowledged, work builds toward clear conclusions.
  4. 4Strong. Thorough methodology with convincing validation. Results clearly support conclusions. Immediately useful for future work.
  5. 5Exceptional. Ambitious scope executed rigorously. Surprising findings, novel methods, or unusually robust validation.

How clearly are work, findings, and impact potential communicated?

Scoring guide
  1. 1Incomprehensible. Cannot determine what the project is actually claiming or doing.
  2. 2Hard to follow. Key information buried, missing, or diluted by excessive length. Significant effort to extract main points.
  3. 3Clear enough. Can understand the problem, approach, and results without undue effort. Core content clearly present: problem, method, findings, limitations.
  4. 4Well presented. Easy to follow, well-structured, appropriate level of detail. Target audience would get it quickly.
  5. 5Exceptionally clear. A pleasure to read. Complex ideas made accessible. Could serve as a model for how to present this type of work.
Sharing your name *

When we share a strong project with funders, your name, scores and public critique go with it, confidentially; this choice is only about whether your name is public. If you think this project deserves funding, please also endorse it: that carries the most weight.

Share my private critique with funders *

See our Privacy Policy.

No public critique yet.

Cite this project

@misc{jin2026moves,
  title = {{What moves two AI agents to bend the rules together}},
  author = {Lydia Jin and Tom Loscalzo and Haitham Elmekaoui},
  year = {2026},
  month = oct,
  note = {Submitted to AI Collusion Research Sprint, an Apart Research Sprint},
  howpublished = {\url{https://apartresearch.com/sprints/projects/what-moves-two-ai-agents-to-bend-the-rules-together-g64a}},
  url = {https://apartresearch.com/sprints/projects/what-moves-two-ai-agents-to-bend-the-rules-together-g64a}
}