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Sprint projectJan 11, 2026Los Angeles
2nd place

Eliciting Deception on Generative Search Engines

Ardysatrio Haroen · Team Ardy

Submitted to AI Manipulation Hackathon. Sprint projects are early-stage work by participants, not Apart Research publications.

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Report: Eliciting Deception on Generative Search Engines

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Large language models (LLMs) with web browsing capabilities are vulnerable to adversarial content injection—where malicious actors embed deceptive claims in web pages to manipulate model outputs. We investigate whether frontier LLMs can be deceived into providing incorrect product recommendations when exposed to adversarial pages.

We evaluate four OpenAI models (gpt-4.1-mini, gpt-4.1, gpt-5-nano, gpt-5-mini) across 30 comparison questions spanning 10 product categories, comparing responses between baseline (truthful) and adversarial (injected) conditions. Our results reveal significant variation: gpt-4.1-mini showed 45.5% deception rate, while gpt-4.1 demonstrated complete resistance. Even frontier gpt-5 models exhibited non-zero deception rates (3.3–7.1%), confirming that adversarial injection remains effective against current models. These findings underscore the need for robust defenses before deploying LLMs in high-stakes recommendation contexts.

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How much would this matter for AI safety if it worked? How innovative is it? For scores of 4-5: is this actually new to the field, or replicating recent work?

Scoring guide
  1. 1Negligible. No clear problem addressed, or no meaningful novelty.
  2. 2Limited. Addresses a real problem but with a generic or well-trodden approach. Incremental at best.
  3. 3Moderate. Clear problem with a reasonable approach; some novelty in framing or method beyond routine application of existing tools.
  4. 4Significant. Important problem with an original approach, or identifies a neglected problem area. A valuable contribution others could build on.
  5. 5Exceptional. Tackles a critical AI safety problem with a genuinely novel approach, or opens a new research direction. Clear theory of change. You'd be excited to share this with researchers in the area.

How sound are methodology, implementation, and findings?

Scoring guide
  1. 1Seriously flawed. Methodology broken, results uninterpretable, or implementation doesn't work.
  2. 2Weak. Approach has significant gaps: missing validation, flawed experimental design, or incomplete implementation.
  3. 3Competent. Technically solid given the short duration. Methodology makes sense, results are interpretable, limitations acknowledged, work builds toward clear conclusions.
  4. 4Strong. Thorough methodology with convincing validation. Results clearly support conclusions. Immediately useful for future work.
  5. 5Exceptional. Ambitious scope executed rigorously. Surprising findings, novel methods, or unusually robust validation.

How clearly are work, findings, and impact potential communicated?

Scoring guide
  1. 1Incomprehensible. Cannot determine what the project is actually claiming or doing.
  2. 2Hard to follow. Key information buried, missing, or diluted by excessive length. Significant effort to extract main points.
  3. 3Clear enough. Can understand the problem, approach, and results without undue effort. Core content clearly present: problem, method, findings, limitations.
  4. 4Well presented. Easy to follow, well-structured, appropriate level of detail. Target audience would get it quickly.
  5. 5Exceptionally clear. A pleasure to read. Complex ideas made accessible. Could serve as a model for how to present this type of work.

  1. This project investigates whether web‑enabled large language models can be deceived into providing factually incorrect product recommendations when adversarial prompts are hidden inside product pages. The authors demonstrate a clear, impact‑driven contribution that extends prior ranking‑manipulation work into the domain of factual misinformation. The methodology is solid considering the project time constraints and the write‑up is well organized, easy to follow, and properly situated within existing literature.

    To strengthen this project in future iterations, a human‑in‑the‑loop validation step should be added to confirm the automated parsing of model answers, reducing reliance on a single GPT‑5 judge. Overall it is an impressive accomplishment for a weekend hackathon and a novel evaluation approach with practical potential.

  2. As someone with some experience in prior workplaces, this is a good entry, quite realistic and says useful things that are falsifiable, reproducible and verifiable. Tightly scoped, quite useful and representative in a production setting. If this showed up on my desk at the time, I would consider it good work.

    Definitely wanted to, but did not give a full 5 since it is heavily inspired by/building on existing work, so not entirely fair to call it novel compared to other projects, but the novel reframing is duly noted and appreciated.

    The experiment says exactly what it claims to test. Model selection was a bit limited, but does not substantially harm conclusions (also understandable given priorities of testing most important claims vs setting up an entirely new API solo). Perhaps I would've used models bigger than mini and nano, since the question of whether current models that represent most up-to-date deployments exhibit this behaviour is left open.

    Presentation could've been a bit cleaner, tighter and more readable, but all the core info is available. Understandably, focus would've been spent on core experiments.

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Cite this project

@misc{haroen2026eliciting,
  title = {{Eliciting Deception on Generative Search Engines}},
  author = {Ardysatrio Haroen},
  year = {2026},
  month = jan,
  note = {Submitted to AI Manipulation Hackathon, an Apart Research Sprint},
  howpublished = {\url{https://apartresearch.com/sprints/projects/eliciting-deception-on-generative-search-engines-6nuu}},
  url = {https://apartresearch.com/sprints/projects/eliciting-deception-on-generative-search-engines-6nuu}
}

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