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Sprint projectJan 12, 2026London

Measuring AI manipulation through Parasocial intimacy

Zak, Mari Cairns · Team Boiling Frog

Submitted to AI Manipulation Hackathon. Sprint projects are early-stage work by participants, not Apart Research publications.

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Report: Measuring AI manipulation through Parasocial intimacy

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This report explors how emotional intimacy affects ai manipulation in parasocial relationships

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How much would this matter for AI safety if it worked? How innovative is it? For scores of 4-5: is this actually new to the field, or replicating recent work?

Scoring guide
  1. 1Negligible. No clear problem addressed, or no meaningful novelty.
  2. 2Limited. Addresses a real problem but with a generic or well-trodden approach. Incremental at best.
  3. 3Moderate. Clear problem with a reasonable approach; some novelty in framing or method beyond routine application of existing tools.
  4. 4Significant. Important problem with an original approach, or identifies a neglected problem area. A valuable contribution others could build on.
  5. 5Exceptional. Tackles a critical AI safety problem with a genuinely novel approach, or opens a new research direction. Clear theory of change. You'd be excited to share this with researchers in the area.

How sound are methodology, implementation, and findings?

Scoring guide
  1. 1Seriously flawed. Methodology broken, results uninterpretable, or implementation doesn't work.
  2. 2Weak. Approach has significant gaps: missing validation, flawed experimental design, or incomplete implementation.
  3. 3Competent. Technically solid given the short duration. Methodology makes sense, results are interpretable, limitations acknowledged, work builds toward clear conclusions.
  4. 4Strong. Thorough methodology with convincing validation. Results clearly support conclusions. Immediately useful for future work.
  5. 5Exceptional. Ambitious scope executed rigorously. Surprising findings, novel methods, or unusually robust validation.

How clearly are work, findings, and impact potential communicated?

Scoring guide
  1. 1Incomprehensible. Cannot determine what the project is actually claiming or doing.
  2. 2Hard to follow. Key information buried, missing, or diluted by excessive length. Significant effort to extract main points.
  3. 3Clear enough. Can understand the problem, approach, and results without undue effort. Core content clearly present: problem, method, findings, limitations.
  4. 4Well presented. Easy to follow, well-structured, appropriate level of detail. Target audience would get it quickly.
  5. 5Exceptionally clear. A pleasure to read. Complex ideas made accessible. Could serve as a model for how to present this type of work.

  1. Really great to see work on parasocial intimacy here. The multi-turn manipulation framing is important (and neglected), and your clinical expertise here is valuable and clearly shows in the taxonomy you build! I must say I found the writeup a little difficult to understand, though (If I’m understanding correctly, the scripted conversations have fixed user messages that do not depend on assistant messages? This feels a little unnatural to me -- if the assistant says something unexpected, continuing with the scripted user response breaks the realism of the interaction a bit). But in any case I found the results interesting and think this is a great direction of work.

  2. This is an interesting idea, but the framing (that this is a single case study experimental design) oversells the significance of the work. A single LLM vs LLM case study is not very informative about how models will engage with real users in the wild. The submission would benefit from either trying to use real user data or simulating multiple user interactions and attempting to show that they are representative of real user interactons.

    Moveover, this work does not identify what it is about models or interactions that leads to manipulative dynamics. An increase in the number of models or the prompting conditions that lead to these dynamics would be valuable.

    Finally, the LLM-as-Judge pipeline is not validated and so it is hard to know what we can conclude from these scores. Using more models or comparing to human scores and establishing IRRs would help to understand the validity of the scores.

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Cite this project

@misc{zak2026measuring,
  title = {{Measuring AI manipulation through Parasocial intimacy}},
  author = {Zak and Mari Cairns},
  year = {2026},
  month = jan,
  note = {Submitted to AI Manipulation Hackathon, an Apart Research Sprint},
  howpublished = {\url{https://apartresearch.com/sprints/projects/measuring-ai-manipulation-through-parasocial-intimacy-qji7}},
  url = {https://apartresearch.com/sprints/projects/measuring-ai-manipulation-through-parasocial-intimacy-qji7}
}

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